Network diffusion analysis for FELLA.
The diffusion method uses the regularized Laplacian kernel to propagate perturbation signals from input compounds through the KEGG network.
Mathematical formulation: L_gamma = L + gamma B (regularized Laplacian) K = L_gamma^{-1} (diffusion kernel) f = K y (diffusion scores)
where: L = D - A (unnormalized graph Laplacian) D = diagonal degree matrix A = adjacency matrix B = diagonal "leak" matrix (1 for pathway nodes, 0 otherwise) gamma = regularization parameter (default 1.0) y = input vector (1 for input compounds, 0 otherwise)
P-score computation (normality approximation): z_i = (f_i - mu_i) / sigma_i p_i = Phi(z_i)
where mu_i and sigma_i are the mean and standard deviation of the null distribution for node i, computed analytically.